Following Myanmar’s recently announced notification requiring conversion of all foreign currency transfers and balances to Myanmar kyat (MMK), the Central Bank of Myanmar (CBM) has issued additional detailed guidance to banks on how to manage transfers, outbound remittances, and various other transactions involving balances in foreign currency. The CBM also announced that the union government and ministries are exempt from the foreign currency conversion requirements. The developments came on April 5, 2022, when the CBM issued Directive No. 5/2022, exempting these government bodies from the requirement, and Directive No. 6/2022, which provides instructions for banks licensed as authorized dealers (ADs) permitted to exchange currencies. The directive makes AD-licensed banks responsible for handling the conversion process by (1) transferring the amount in question to the concerned company’s account, (2) converting the amount to MMK at the CBM exchange rate, and (3) depositing it in an MMK-denominated account. The conversion process must be carried out within one working day of receiving the following types of funds: Export earnings Other earnings (including from services) Foreign currency investments (excluding foreign currency allowed by the CBM’s Foreign Currency Management Committee) The conversion process is also required for the following two types of funds, which require the AD-licensed bank to perform additional checks: Loans for investment. AD-licensed banks may only proceed with the conversion process after determining that CBM approval has been obtained in accordance with section 29(a) of the Foreign Currency Management Law and Rule 48 of the Foreign Currency Management Rules. Unilateral transactions. AD-licensed banks may only proceed with the conversion process after determining that CBM approval has been obtained in accordance with the rules 54 and 55 of the Foreign Exchange Management Rules. As noted in the previous notification instituting the foreign exchange requirements, outbound transfers of foreign currency by resident individuals

On April 3, 2022, the Central Bank of Myanmar (CBM) issued far-reaching requirements for nearly all individuals, companies, and other organizations in Myanmar to convert foreign-currency income received from abroad to kyat (MMK) within one working day of its receipt. These requirements are effective immediately for all transfers, and apply retroactively to foreign currency balances already in the country. CBM Notification No. 12/2022 and Directive No. 4/2022, issued in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Management Law, instruct Myanmar banks that hold an authorized dealer (AD) license on converting foreign currency. Together, the notification and the directive stipulate that all foreign-denominated income received by “internal residents” from abroad into a foreign currency account opened at an AD-licensed bank must be exchanged into MMK within one working day, unless subject to regulatory exclusions. “Internal residents” include locally registered companies, organizations, and offices; Myanmar branches of foreign companies; and individuals residing or established in Myanmar for at least 183 days (excluding foreign diplomatic staff and foreign civil servants). As noted above, the notification and the directive have retroactive effect on foreign-currency accounts holding funds that had already entered Myanmar. This means that for the purposes of these regulations, these foreign-currency amounts are treated as if they were transferred into Myanmar after the date of issuance (i.e., April 3, 2022), and are to be converted to MMK in accordance with the new rules. The conversions are to be made at the official exchange rates set by the CBM, which for US dollars is currently USD 1 to MMK 1,850. Additionally, foreign-currency transfers out of Myanmar must be performed through AD-licensed banks with the permission of the CBM’s Foreign Exchange Supervisory Committee. Noncompliance with the notification or directive is punishable under the Foreign Exchange Management Law with imprisonment for up to one year, a

The Securities and Exchange Commission of Thailand (SEC) will refresh its definitions of institutional, high-net-worth (HNW), and ultra-high-net-worth (UHNW) investors according to its recently issued Notification No. Kor Jor 39/2564, effective on October 1, 2022. The key changes to these classifications are described below. Institutional Investors The SEC’s list of types of institutional investors will be expanded by the addition of the following four types: Venture capital. This refers to juristic persons established under Thai or foreign law for the purpose of investing in a startup, whereby the investors must not be retail investors. Private equity. This describes businesses established under Thai or foreign law for the purpose of investment by three or more nonretail investors who have appointed a person to manage the investment funds and accrued assets. The business must also have a policy to invest in other enterprises through arrangements that involve either stock investment agreements or other financial support giving rise to the right to acquire stock in the enterprise in the future. Under such arrangements, the private equity investor must demonstrate involvement in the enterprise’s business management (e.g., through planning, developmental, or other operational control). Sophisticated/professional investors. This type of investor includes (1) fund managers or derivatives fund managers in accordance with the Capital Market Supervisory Board’s rules on capital market business personnel; (2) investment analysts authorized by the SEC; and (3) angel investors, defined as experienced and knowledgeable SEC-approved financial advisors or crowdfunding portal providers, or other individual or juristic investors, with net assets of at least THB 50 million, annual revenue of at least THB 4 million, or gross direct investment in securities and derivatives of at least THB 10 million (or THB 20 million if cash deposits are aggregated). Investments by angel investors are limited to securities offered by SMEs or